![]() Memphis in the Early Bronze Age was the largest city of the time. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilization, such as art, architecture and many aspects of religion, took shape during the Early Dynastic Period. ![]() ![]() Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the Protodynastic Period of Egypt until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom. The archaic Early Bronze Age of Egypt, known as the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, immediately follows the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, c. In Ancient Egypt, the Bronze Age begins in the Protodynastic period, c. It probably bordered it, and may even be an alternative term for it (at least during some periods). Arzawa has been associated with the much more obscure Assuwa generally located to its north. The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia that was defeated by the Hittites under an earlier Tudhaliya I, around 1400 BC. Arzawa was the western neighbor-sometimes a rival and sometimes a vassal-of the Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms. ![]() After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the Levant conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples, the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC.Īrzawa in Western Anatolia during the second half of the second millennium BC likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt that reaches from near the Turkish Lakes Region to the Aegean coast. In the 14th century BC the Hittite Kingdom was at its height, encompassing central Anatolia, southwestern Syria as far as Ugarit, and upper Mesopotamia. The Hittite Empire was established in Hattusa in northern Anatolia from the 18th century BC. Hittite bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara It was sudden, violent, and culturally disruptive for many Bronze Age civilizations, and it brought a sharp economic decline to regional powers, notably ushering in the Greek Dark Ages. The collapse affected a large area of the Eastern Mediterranean ( North Africa and Southeast Europe) and the Near East, in particular Egypt, eastern Libya, the Balkans, the Aegean, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. Late Bronze Age collapse, a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC, between c. The Bronze Age is said to have ended with the According to archaeological evidence, cultures in Mesopotamia ( cuneiform script) and Egypt ( hieroglyphs) developed the earliest practical writing systems. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period, with the Chalcolithic serving as a transition.īronze Age cultures differed in their development of writing. Copper and tin ores are rare, since there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before trading in bronze began in the 3rd millennium BC. Tin's low melting point of 231.93 ☌ (449.47 ☏) and copper's relatively moderate melting point of 1,085 ☌ (1,985 ☏) placed them within the capabilities of the Neolithic pottery kilns, which date back to 6,000 BC and were able to produce temperatures greater than 900 ☌ (1,650 ☏). While terrestrial iron is naturally abundant, the higher temperature required for smelting, 1,250 ☌ (2,280 ☏), in addition to the greater difficulty of working with the metal, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the second millennium BC. Bronze is harder and more durable than the other metals available at the time, allowing Bronze Age civilizations to gain a technological advantage. Īn ancient civilization is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age because it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin, arsenic, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from production areas elsewhere. It is also considered the second phase, of three, in the Metal Ages. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen for classifying and studying ancient societies and history. ![]() The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. ![]()
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